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- <text id=93CT1629>
- <title>
- Burundi--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southern Africa
- Burundi
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Before the Europeans arrived, Burundi was a kingdom with a
- highly stratified, feudal social structure. The rulers were
- drawn from princely dynastic families (ganwa), from whom a king
- (mwami) was chosen. Much of the country's precolonial history
- was characterized by constant power struggles between the ganwa
- and the mwami. When the Tutsis introduced cattle into Burundi,
- the animals were maintained as an indication of wealth, and over
- the centuries the Hutus gave up title to their lands to Tutsis
- in return for cattle. This resulted in a feudal landholding
- system known as Ubugererwa, which lasted until the Bagaza
- government abolished it in 1977.
- </p>
- <p> Although European explorers and missionaries visited the
- area briefly, as early as 1858, Burundi did not come under
- European administration until the 1890s, when it became part of
- German West Africa. Belgian troops occupied the country in 1916,
- and in 1923 the League of Nations mandated it to Belgium as part
- of the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi, now Rwanda and Burundi.
- Following World War II, Ruanda-Urundi became a UN Trust
- Territory with Belgium as the administering authority. Burundi
- became independent on July 1, 1962.
- </p>
- <p> Following independence, the mwami was established as a
- constitutional monarch. The country fell into political disorder
- and economic stagnation, and in November 1966, with army
- backing, Capt. Michel Micombero took charge and proclaimed a
- republic. Eventually, the Micombero government lost control of
- the country; in November 1976, Lt. Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
- came to power in a bloodless coup. Bagaza himself was overthrown
- in a bloodless coup in September 1987 by Army Maj. Pierre
- Buyoya.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The coup d'etat staged by Buyoya was, in large part, a
- reaction against the excesses of the Bagaza regime, which in
- recent years had taken a hard line against any form of dissent.
- The focal point of the Bagaza regime's campaign of persecution
- was organized religion in general and the Catholic Church in
- particular. Through the closing of church schools, the
- confiscation of church property, the arrest and detention of
- priests and churchgoers, the expulsion of foreign missionaries
- and restrictions on the hours available for worship, Bagaza
- sought to weaken, if not eliminate altogether, the church's
- influence in Burundi society. Other religions also were
- persecuted, and many Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's
- Witnesses were detained without charges under extremely harsh
- conditions. Amnesty International, in its 1987 report, estimated
- there may have been 100 political prisoners held at any one time
- during 1986. Buyoya's coup d'etat brought about a dramatic
- improvement in the human rights situation. The new government
- immediately freed all political prisoners and within weeks had
- rescinded all the measures taken against religious groups,
- thereby restoring freedom of religion.
- </p>
- <p> The Republic of Burundi is a one-party state headed by
- President Buyoya, although at present the constitution is
- officially suspended, and the nation is ruled through a
- 31-member Military Committee for National Salvation. Buyoya has
- promised an early return to civilian rule, and 16 of the 20
- ministers recently named to his interim government are
- civilians. The sole political organization in Burundi, the
- National Union for Progress (UPRONA) and its affiliated
- movements-the Union of Workers of Burundi, the Union of Burundi
- Women, and the Union of Revolutionary Burundi Youth-are intended
- to serve as the framework for organizing the population for
- efforts to develop the country. UPRONA party membership is open
- to all Burundi citizens who profess allegiance to its
- principles.
- </p>
- <p> One of the priorities of the Buyoya government is ethnic
- reconciliation and national unity. Since independence, Burundi
- has been plagued by conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsis.
- Following violent outbreaks in 1965 and 1969, in which many Hutu
- officials were killed, a massacre occurred in 1972; the
- estimated number of victims varies from 100,000 to 150,000. In
- addition, about 100,000 Hutus sought refuge in other countries.
- Several thousand refugees have returned from Zaire and Tanzania,
- and a judicial mechanism has been established to return their
- land to them. Although Hutu participation in the military and
- the administration remains extremely limited, the government is
- taking steps to correct the imbalance. There are more Hutu
- ministers and governors in the Buyoya government than in the
- two previous regimes.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- July 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-